by 
Mordechai KedarRead the article in Italiano (translated by Yehudit Weisz, edited by Angelo Pezzana)
Those Africans who enter Israel  illegally in order to find work are a very small part of the general  global problem of emigrants from Africa who are searching for a new land  that will allow them to live, even with only a minimum income and  standards of living, and the main thing that drives them is survival.  Their poor condition, in Israel, in Europe, in North and South America  and in Asia, raises the question: how did an entire continent, where a  billion people live, about one fifth of the world population, arrive at  such a low condition, and how, among the 61 states and entities that it  comprises, not even one offers its citizens security, education, health  and welfare at a reasonable level. How did it happen that a whole  continent is torn by never-ending wars, mass murders costing millions of  lives, and famines that still threaten the residents, most of whom want  only to flee from it.
The one answer to all of these questions  is: Europe, or more accurately, the greedy lust of the European peoples  in previous century, which was reflected in colonization, and the way  in which the Europeans related to the peoples of Africa when they ruled  it and in the way that they left Africa and abandoned it to its  suffering.
We must remember that in Africa there were never  "peoples" in the European sense of the word; there were tribes. These  family-based groups, over the course of generations, grew and split off  to form new tribes, but their members always remained loyal to tribal  culture. Traditionally, each tribe has its own religion, language,  customs, laws, dress, standards of behavior, living area, sources of  livelihood and economic interests, around which every member of the  tribe would unite. To defend themselves and their sources of livelihood,  the members of the tribe formed a fighting group, without which  function it would be extremely difficult for the tribe to survive. For  thousands of years the tribes of Africa lived this way undisturbed, in  continual balance between man and nature, between tribes and neighbors,  between man and his beliefs.
The European conquest and  colonization that began in the late 15th century, brought continual  disaster upon the tribes of Africa: the colonialists saw the black  continent as a source of raw material for European industry - gold,  silver, copper, iron, zinc, aluminum, diamonds, rubber and wood, and  later, oil. But worst of all was that the African was now seen as a  slave, an amazingly cheap source of labor whose life had value only  inasmuch as he could be exploited as a cheap source of labor. The most  obvious example of this is the behavior of King Leopold II, king of  Belgium (1835-1909), who ruled as Czar of the Congo from 1884 to 1908,  and regarded the Congo, and all that it contained, as his private  property. He used the residents of Congo as slave labor in his mines and  rubber industry, and a third of the people met their death in this  work. Slaves who could not fulfill the production quotas that were  demanded from them were punished with amputation of a hand. Men were  forced into slave labor, families were destroyed and whole tribes were  wiped out by famine. Africans were considered lower than animals, and  the wealth that the king stole from the lands of the Congo served his  large construction building projects in Belgium. Many of the beautiful  and stylish buildings in Belgium are the result of his conduct, which  earned him harsh criticism from other countries.
During the  period from the 16th to the 19th century, millions of Africans were  captured by European, Arab and local slave traders and sold into  slavery, mainly to South and North America. About one sixth of the  slaves did not survive the journey by ship, mainly because of the  miserable nutritional and sanitary conditions in these floating prisons.  Slave hunters cast the tribes of Western Africa into a never ending  chain of acts of reprisal because of their collaboration with slave  traders.
At the Berlin Conference in the year 1884, the colonialist countries of Europe marked the borders of Africa as a "division of spoils", and became wealthy from the raw materials and the slaves that were brought out from the lands of Africa. A not insignificant part of European wealth today is a direct result of this act - the greatest plunder in the history of mankind.
Failed StatesDuring  the 19th and 20th centuries, colonialism gradually receded from Africa,  leaving behind it states whose borders had been determined by the  interests of colonialism, not the natural division of humanity in  Africa. Borders included many disparate groups together which often were  in conflict with each other, and in some cases tribes were divided  between states. This situation created states whose populations struggle  within themselves, and most were ruled, and are still ruled by one  group which took control of the whole country. The tribe that is in  control "buys" the loyalty of other tribes by political appointments and  economic benefits, a phenomenon that creates a great deal of corruption  in government.
The economy of the standard African state is  controlled by the regime, which divides the wealth of the state  according to its political interests. This situation causes groups who  are not within the inner circle of the regime to be marginalized, and  thus are under-developed, a fact which is reflected, among other ways,  in a poor educational system. As a result of this, its people are doomed  to be left behind in terms of vocational training, and they - a group  that may amount to millions of people - are left to a life of poverty  and unemployment because their area is under-developed in relation to  other sectors of the state who are in the regime's favor.
The  internal division of the states between those in favor and those who are  not, creates tension between the tribes, which adds to the accumulated  tensions that have existed between the tribes for many generations. The  result is tribal conflicts that degrade the situation and cause civil  wars to break out in the states quite easily. Examples of this are many:  Biafra at the end of the 60s, which split off from Nigeria, resulting  in wars for independence that left hundreds of thousands of fatalities  caused both by the sword and by hunger; Rwanda during the nineties was  an arena of horrific acts of slaughter between the Hutu and Tutsi  tribes; the Second Congo War (1998-2003) took the lives of more than  five million people; Uganda experienced acts of mass slaughter in the  days of Idi Amin; lately Charles Taylor, a former dictator of Liberia,  was indicted for crimes against humanity, meaning against his citizens;  Somalia is experiencing a continual situation of tribal war which, as of  today,  has cost the lives of tens of thousands, and its lack of  government is responsible for the phenomenon of piracy in the Indian  Ocean; bloody wars for 60 years between the Arab-Islamist government of  Sudan and sectors of the Christian-Animist South, which, during the last  year gained independence; the slaughter of hundreds of thousands during  the past decade that the government of Sudan carried out against the  people of Darfur, which is in the Western part of the state; in Kenya,  bloody street riots break out between the tribes every time there are  elections and in many other cases when there are bloody conflicts.
These  conflicts stem from no other reason other than the demographic  situation of the states of Africa, each of which is a combination of  different groups who are hostile to each other and share no unifying  factor. The modern framework of a state - institutions, a flag, a hymn  and symbols of sovereignty - have failed in the most important task,  which is to settle in the hearts of the people and to substitute  traditional loyalty to the tribe with a new loyalty to the state. The  differences between the tribes can even be seen in external appearance -  height, color, shade, the shape of the facial features - as well as the  level of education and development. These differences are clear and  continue to be a basis for discrimination and various coalitions, and  are used as a way to obtain the favors of the regime or to be excluded  from them.
In the states where there is oil, Nigeria for example,  the population is divided between those tribes who profit from the oil,  (usually those who live in areas from which the oil is extracted or in  land through which oil is piped), and those tribes who see no earnings  from the oil. The tribes with oil defend their interests with hoarded  weapons, and the state can buy their allegiance only at a high price.  However, many times, tribes sabotage the pipes in order to steal and  sell the oil, and these acts of sabotage result in explosions and fires  that leave hundreds of dead, wounded and burn victims. In Sudan, oil is  the reason for the war in the past few months between the state of  Sudan, whose capital is Khartoum, and the new state of South Sudan,  whose capital is Juba. It is from this failed state that many of the  illegal aliens who came to Israel originated.
The Influence of Islam
The  states of the Sahara Desert in North Africa - Egypt, Libya, Tunisia,  Algeria and Morocco - are all Muslim, and also the states south of the  Sahara - Chad, Mali, Niger, Tanzania, Somalia, Eritrea, Kenya and  Nigeria - are mostly Muslim or a large proportion of their population is  Muslim.  In these states, in addition to the tribal tensions, there  exists a high degree of religious tension, because Muslims see  themselves as believers of the true religion ("din al-haq"), while the  others - Christians and Pagans - are infidels who adhere to a false  religion ("din al-batil").
During the past twenty years, in some  of these states, struggles have developed over the status of Islamic  religious law (Shari'a), compared to civil law, and the Northern  sections - the Muslim sections - of Nigeria, where tens of millions of  people live, are ruled today according to Muslim law. This is the direct  result of the Islamic Wahhabi penetration by propagandists who were  schooled in Saudi Arabia and work under its inspiration and funding.  Struggles develop in these areas stemming from the existence and  activity of non-Muslim houses of worship, modern schools, the sale of  wine and other spirits, and the status of women and their presence in  the public arena. In African Islamic countries, radical Islamic  organizations are active which have adopted the generic name, or label,  "al-Qaeda". The processes of religious radicalization that the African  Muslim societies are undergoing is described in an article that we  published here a number of weeks ago.
This  situation has poured oil on the fire of traditional tribal rivalries  which are now quarreling and fighting with each other because of  religion in addition to the previous reasons. As a result of this, the  civil framework of the country is weakened still further, and additional  sectors of its population have become economically, socially and  politically marginalized.
The Exodus
The eternal  conflicts in the failing African states cause many sectors to be lacking  in basic necessities, and they search for any possible way to save  themselves from the poor economic situation and the social, political  and religious oppression that they experience. Many millions of Africans  are on their way to the developed world, in order to find a new,  peaceful and decent life. Millions have passed and continue to pass  through the Northern Sahara desert, in a journey that for many of them  will end in the desert with a gathering of vultures hovering over  their carcasses.
Some of them arrive to states in North Africa  (Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Tunisia) and from there they sail in ships  via the Mediterranean Sea or the Atlantic Ocean to Europe. Sometimes a  ship sinks, and its passengers become food for the sharks. Others enter  one of two Spanish enclaves - Ceuta and Melilla - which are located on the  Northern shore of Morocco; from there some of them are taken to Spain,  and some are sent back to their death in the Sahara. Some of those who  reach Egypt continue to Israel via Sinai, and if the Bedouins do not  kill them on the way to harvest their organs for transplant, they arrive  - at the end of a journey of continuous torture and humiliation - to  the border of Israel.
The phenomenon of the emigration of the  poor and tormented Africans has stirred the peoples of Europe, and in a  gesture of remorse for what they did in Africa, they drafted an  international covenant demanding the modern states to treat the  refugees in a fair way. The salient point in the covenant is that a  developed country is prohibited from sending a person back to a state in  which his life will be in danger. This rule applies to the great  majority of Africans who arrived to Europe illegally, consequently there  is no legal way to return great numbers of illegal immigrants in Europe  back to Africa. Europe ruined their lives in Africa, and now they come  in hordes to Europe, changing its character beyond recognition. This is  history's sweet revenge.
The UN World Conference Against Racism - Durban 2001
Toward  the end of the previous millennium some African intellectuals initiated  the claim that Europe should be made to pay damages to the African  peoples for hundreds of years of economic exploitation, mass murders in  the mines and the fields, slave trade and having established failed  states. The amounts that were mentioned in this connection were in the  hundreds of billions, and just having raised the claim aroused horror in  the hearts of the European governments. They knew that the  post-colonial discourse that developed in Europe in the previous  generation would cause broad ethical support for the African claim.
In  order to introduce the claim onto the international agenda, the African  states decided to convene a conference against racism, which would  condemn the racism of today and of the past, and would impose upon the  European states the responsibility for the racist way in which they  related to the peoples of Africa in the previous century. This  responsibility would be the basis for the monetary claim. This  conference met in Durban, South Africa in September of 2001.
Politicians  and European public figures, who have no desire to open the wounds of  the past and stand in front of the mirror of history that will reveal  their great wealth from Africa and their ethical nakedness, searched out  a scapegoat, onto whom it would be possible to place all of the sins of  their colonialism. Together with Arabs (descendants of the slave  traders) the sacrificial victim was found: Israel. Their preparatory  conference, which was held in Teheran (a well-known stronghold of human  rights) determined that (1) Israel is an apartheid country and therefore  they must impose boycotts and condemn the countries that support it.  (2) Israel is a country of occupation, and occupation is a crime against  humanity and endangers world peace. (3) Zionism is racism. (4) The  state of Israel violates the human rights of Palestinians. (5) Israel  carries out genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity, and  therefore it is necessary to conduct an armed struggle against it. (6)  There has not only been one holocaust. Relating to the holocaust in the  plural demonstrates that the Jewish people have not undergone a unique  holocaust experience compared to disasters that have occurred to other  peoples in the world, like the slaving of the blacks in Africa or the  holocaust that Israel carries out upon the Palestinians. (7) The state  of Israel was conceived in sin because it was established by means of  ethnic cleansing of the Arabs in the area.
Since the Durban conference, an anti-Israel spirit has dominated the global discourse on human rights, so much so that most of the decisions of the Human Rights Council of the UN relate to Israel,   while ignoring -partially or totally - wholesale violations of human  rights in most countries of the world, from China to Russia, from  Myanmar to Venezuela, not to mention Iran and the Arab countries. Only  the Arab mass murders during this past year drew the attention of this  council enough to produce some lukewarm decisions concerning the  situation of human rights in the Arab world.
The Durban  Conference, which was originally intended to deal with the sins of  European racism and the compensation that Europe should pay to Africa, was  hijacked by the Arabs with European collaboration, in order to represent  Israel as the last colonialist left in the world, upon whom it would be  possible to impose the responsibility for all the sins of European  colonialism. The Durban Conference and the world "forgot" that Britain  still rules many colonies, some of which are thousands of miles distant:  Islands in the Atlantic Ocean: Falklands, Corex, Caicos Islands, South Georgia, Sandwich Islands, Ascension Island, Saint Helena, Tristan da, Montserrat, Cayman Islands, Virgin Islands and Bermuda. In the Indian Ocean - Diego Garcia (from where British and American planes left to bomb Iraq), in the Pacific - Pitcairn, and even in Europe - in Gibraltar and in Cyprus - Britain still maintains colonies.
France also maintains its colonies thousands of kilometers from France: Guadeloupe, Reunion, French Guiana, Butte, French Polynesia, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and Wallis and Futuna, New Caledonia and Hadley.  There are those who claim that also the French rule of the  Mediterranean island of Corsica is a foreign occupation. Does anyone in  the world remember this French colonialism, that continues until today?  And this is not the end of the list of colonies that still remain under  the rule of European countries.
European colonialism is alive  and well, and continues to ruin the fabric of life in Africa and in many  other places. Israel serves Europe as a scapegoat on whose head they  can pile their dirty sins of repulsive European racism that were  accumulated over hundreds of years. Israel must cope today with the  difficult problem of infiltrators from Africa, and it must solve this  severe humanitarian problem according to international law, established mainly by ...  Europe.
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Dr. Mordechai Kedar (Mordechai.Kedar@biu.ac.il) is an Israeli scholar of Arabic and Islam, a lecturer at Bar-Ilan University and the director of the Center for the Study of the Middle East and Islam (under formation), Bar Ilan University, Israel. He specializes in Islamic ideology and movements, the political discourse of Arab countries, the Arabic mass media, and the Syrian domestic arena.
Translated from Hebrew by Sally Zahav.
Links to Dr. Kedar's recent articles on this blog:
Source: The article is published in the framework of the Center for the Study of the Middle East and Islam (under formation), Bar Ilan University, Israel. Also published in Makor Rishon, a Hebrew weekly newspaper.
Copyright - Original materials copyright (c) by the authors.