by Wallace Edward Brand
2nd part of 3
The Second Wave
The Anatolians were led by warlord Osman Bey. He would become known as Ottoman. In the 14th Century Ottoman led his warriors to commence the second Islamic Empire. By the late 18th Century the Ottoman Empire had extended further north into Eastern Europe -- to the gates of Vienna by 1683 -- but in the south had lost Spain, Iran, and a large portion of Arabia. Then there was another decline from 1826 to 1878 as the faith-based society of Islam fell behind the Western Civilization. In the West reason had triumphed over faith and there were decisive advances in science and engineering and their implementation.
Particularly significant to the Islamic decline were the advances in weapons adopted by the Western military. In 1878 Napoleon led an expedition into Egypt and conquered it. No Muslim response forced him out. Only Horatio Nelson and the British Navy. From that time on the West was the moving force in the Middle East until WWI when the Ottoman Empire made the mistake of entering the war on the side of Germany. Prior to WWI, the Muslims could influence affairs in the Middle East only by pitting one Western country or group against another.
Following the war, the victorious Allies dismembered the Ottoman Empire territories in the Middle East and the Mahgreb and formed 21 states with political rights granted to Arabs and Muslims out of 99% of the area and then a 22nd state from 76% of Palestine whose political rights were being held in trust for a Jewish Homeland.
Although the Second Islamic Empire had started its decline years earlier, in 1776, it still had enough power to exact tribute from the newborn United States, tribute rising to 20% of its revenues by 1800 to protect its merchant shipping in the Mediterranean from being raided. This tribute was required by the Muslim pirates of Tripoli to protect US sailors from being kidnapped and ransomed or sold into slavery and any women passengers sold to harems..[14]
In the US from 1778 until 1815 there was an internal political struggle very similar to that going on now between the appeasers and those who wanted to fight the Islamic extortionists. "Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute " was the rallying cry until the pro war faction won and the US Marines took Tripoli.
Long before 1900 the Ottoman Empire had became known as "the sick man of Europe". In WWI it entered the war on the side of the Germans. When it lost, the Allies divided the Empire except for Turkey and created 21 Muslim states out of 99% of it. Palestine comprised 1% of the former Ottoman Empire.
At the 1920 Conference in San Remo, the Allies initially agreed that political rights to Palestine would be held in trust for a national homeland for the Jews by the British in accordance by with the British policy embodied in the Balfour Declaration to administer it until the Jews would be able to exercise sovereignty. When they did exercise sovereignty, a limitation prohibited the Jews from any action that would impair the civil or religious rights of the non-Jews.
The United States was not a part of the League of Nations setting up the British Mandate, the US Congress having failed to approve President Wilson's recommendation for the membership of the US in that organization. However a joint Resolution of the US Congress in 1922 approved the policy of the Balfour Declaration designating Palestine as a national homeland for the Jews.[15] The British Mandate or trusteeship to carry out the policy was cemented into both British and American Treaty Law by the Anglo-American Treaty of 1924 prohibiting the Mandatory Power from ceding Palestine land to any Foreign Power.
The Balfour Declaration of 1917 was incorporated as Article 95 of the 1920 Treaty of Sevres. Article 95 directly transferred Ottoman Empire sovereignty over Palestine to England in trust for the Jews, but preserved the religious and civil rights of the indigenous Arabs and Muslims when the Jews ultimately exercised sovereignty. The Ottoman Empire had held such sovereignty undisputed for 400 years. The Treaty of Sevres was modified by the Treaty of Lausanne, but the modifications did not affect the transfers of sovereignty in the Middle East and the Mahgreb. However, soon after, in 1922, a 22nd Arab state, "Transjordan", later "Jordan", was created by the British in the 76% of Palestine that lay east of the Jordan River. In forming the 22nd state, now called Jordan, the British Mandate gave 76% of that 1% that was to belong to the Jews to the Arab Hashemite Tribe leaving 24% of Palestine to be disposed of at a later time.
By 1948 the League of Nations was gone, replaced by the United Nations that tried to dispose of the remainder. The UN was bound by its Article 80 to preserve the territorial allocations of the former League of Nations. In 1948 the UN purported to give some 6% of Palestine (0.06% of the surrendered lands of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East and North Africa) to the Jews, mostly desert, and offered all of the rest, except Jerusalem to the local Arabs. Jerusalem, which had had Jews as its majority population as early as 1864, was intended by the UN to be internationalized.
The Arabs did not accept their share -- they chose to commence a war against the nascent Jewish state. The video "What Really Happened" shows some of that history.[16]
Arab-Israeli Wars As Preface To The Third Wave
The Arab wars against Israel in 1948, 1967, and 1973 were really a preface to the Islamic third wave of global conquest. Contrary to popular belief, in Palestine the religious motive of Jihad, later cleverly disguised as secular nationalism by intervention of the Soviet Union starting in 1964, has always been the driver of the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Even history revisionist Benny Morris, a historian of the Arab-Israeli conflict considered by many to be an apologist for the Arabs, correctly argues that it was religion rather than nationalism that inspired the 1948 invasion of Israel. He considers it a mistake to ignore the religious rhetoric that accompanied the 1948 assault by Arab armies. "The 1948 War, from the Arabs' perspective," he writes, "was a war of religion as much as, if not more than, a nationalist war over territory."[17]
The Muslim Brotherhood, the mufti of Egypt, Egypt's King Farouk, King 'Abdullah of Transjordan, and many others spoke of a holy war, a jihad against the Jews. It was not a nationalist struggle then, nor is it today. The "[violence] did not emerge only from 'modern' nationalist passions; it also drew on powerful religious wellsprings. Nothing, it seemed, could mobilize the Palestinian Arab masses for action more readily than Muslim religious rhetoric and symbols."
Little has changed since the 1940s. With the rise of radical Islam and the expansion of violent recourse, Arab irredentism has continued to have a religious focus, sometimes on "Palestine" and sometimes on the umma, the abstract nation of all Muslims. And it is as Muslims more than as Arabs (or Iranians or Afghans) that today's leading enemies of Israel view the conflict.[18] It is undisputed that it is religion rather than secular nationalism that motivates Hamas in Gaza. Is the politics of the West Bank, of Fatah and the Palestinian Authority any different? Why else is it that in a proposed Two State solution, Mahmoud Abbas adamantly refuses to recognize Israel as "the Jewish State"?
It was Ceausescu, the dictator in Rumania and a great friend of Yasser Arafat, who, at Soviet Union urging, persuaded Arafat to desist from announcing his religious goal of "annihilating the Jews or driving them into the sea" and to reframe the issue by changing his announced motive from religious jihad to secular nationalism. He urged Arafat to announce instead, a desire to "liberate the Palestinan people" by achieving their political self determination even though there had never before been a "Palestinian people"[19] and the local Arabs had rejected self rule when the Brish offered it to them during WWI.
"But we are a revolution," Arafat exploded, after Ceausescu explained what the Kremlin wanted from him. "We were born as a revolution, and we should remain an unfettered revolution." Arafat expostulated that the Palestinians lacked the tradition, unity, and discipline to become a formal state. That statehood was only something for a future generation. That all governments, even Communist ones, were limited by laws and international agreements, and he was not willing to put any laws or other obstacles in the way of the Palestinian struggle to eradicate the state of Israel."[20]
The local Arabs in Palestine had always been ruled by others. In 1920 the Ottoman Empire had been the undisputed sovereign of Palestine for some 400 years. The British Mandate rule lasted from 1920 to 1947.
As late as 1964 the term "Palestinian People" had never been applied to the Arabs in Israel nor had there been any mention of their "liberation". Prior to the British Mandate, they had usually considered themselves part of "Greater Syria".
The first use of "The Palestinian People" to refer solely to local Arabs in what is now Israel was made in 1964 in the Preamble of the PLO Charter that was drafted in Moscow in 1964 as part of a Soviet disinformation program. The first 422 members of the Palestinian Council were selected by the KGB and approved the PLO Charter.[21] This was revealed by General Ion Pacepa, the highest Soviet bloc defector during the Cold War. After Israel conquered Judea, Samaria and Gaza in 1967, the claim of the PLO was extended to those areas as well. In the Oslo Accord, Arafat agreed to relinquish the claim of "the Palestinian People" to Israel proper, and to the goal of the annihilation of the Jews and to the means of armed struggle to achieve these goals by amendment of the Charter. That has been promised but never carried out. In fact, Fatah recently reaffirmed its commitment to the use of armed struggle to achieve its goals if it deemed necessary.
According to General Pacepa, "In March 1978, . . . I secretly brought Arafat to Bucharest to involve him in a long-planned Soviet/Romanian disinformation plot. Its goal was to get the United States to establish diplomatic relations with him, by having him PRETEND to transform the terrorist PLO into a government-in-exile that was willing to renounce terrorism. Soviet president Leonid Brezhnev believed that newly elected US President Jimmy Carter would swallow the bait." He did.[22]
Four months later General Pacepa defected to the United States and revealed that "The Palestinian People" was invented in Moscow by the Soviets. It is clear, however, that the Arabs have now adopted that term as their own.
The Palestinian Liberation Organization or PLO was one of several liberation organizations created by the Soviets in the mid 60s or 70s, including those for Bolivia (also 1964) , Columbia (1965), and Armenia (1975)., "The Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia" carried out bombings of US airline Offices in Europe. The Soviets also created "The Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine" that bombed Israelis. Of all the "liberation organizations formed by the KGB, The PLO has been the most successful.
Is General Pacepa credible? A May 12, 2009 article published in the Jerusalem Post, which dealt with Pacepa's claim, stated that "former CIA director James Woolsey has vouched for Pacepa's personal credibility. Pacepa's memoir Red Horizons formed the basis for the indictment and conviction of Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu, who was executed in 1989.
Zuhair Mohsen, a member of the Executive Committee of the PLO, is perhaps most widely known in the West for having made the following admission in a March 1977 interview with the Dutch newspaper Trouw: "The Palestinian people does not exist. The creation of a Palestinian state is only a means for continuing our struggle against the state of Israel for our Arab unity. In reality today there is no difference between Jordanians, Palestinians, Syrians and Lebanese. Only for political and tactical reasons do we speak today about the existence of a Palestinian people, since Arab national interests demand that we posit the existence of a distinct "Palestinian people" to oppose Zionism.[23] Other high-level Palestinian Arabs, including Yasir Arafat, have denied that Palestinians are a people; this is discussed in an article by Tsafrir Ronen called "Hadrian's Curse -- The Invention Of Palestine." [24]
For tactical reasons, Jordan, which is a sovereign state with defined borders, cannot raise claims to Haifa and Jaffa, while as a Palestinian, I can undoubtedly demand Haifa, Jaffa, Beer-Sheva and Jerusalem. However, the moment we reclaim our right to all of Palestine, we will not wait even a minute to unite Palestine and Jordan."
This contravened the 1964 PLO charter, drafted in Moscow, which claims the existence of a Palestinian people with national rights. The first 422 members of the PLO National Council had been handpicked by the Soviet Union KGB.[25]
Is there now a Third Wave?
The seeds of the putative third wave were planted by Hassan al Banna in the formation of the Muslim Brotherhood in the 1920s in Egypt and Mawlana Mawdudi in forming Jamaat-e-Islamia in Pakistan and fostered by the philosophers of jihad, Sayeed Qutb, Sheik Abdullah Azzam and Haj Amin al Husseini who pushed it in the British Mandate. But the Brotherhood was easily controlled by the Egyptians until it and its offshoots began receiving petrodollars from the Saudis.[26]
Prior to Israel's Declaration of Independence in 1948, Hassan al Banna said: "If the Jewish State becomes a fact [the Arabs] will drive the Jews who live in their midst into the sea." That is currently the official goal of both Hamas and Fatah expressed in their charters.
Following the takeover of the West's oil interests and the formation of OPEC, for internal political reasons the Saudis commenced providing petrodollars to the Wahhabis, The Sunni Wahhabis used the immense sums to finance mosques and madrassahs all over the world and take control over existing mosques. These were used to spread their salafist doctrine -- Islam as it existed in the 7th Century. Other Muslim groups such as the Shia in Iran and the Deobandi in Indonesia also adopted similar extreme doctrines.
Those who do not study history will not recognize the wave of terror commencing in the West in the 1970s as the start of "the third wave" of global conquest. The attacks listed below are limited to attacks on the West and do not include the civil war between the Islamic Salvation Front and the government of Algeria, the massacre in the Sudan with the goal of Islamization, the Black September riots in Jordan, the Civil War in Lebanon, the Hezollah-Israel conflicts, the Hamas-Israel conflict, and the attacks on US and coalition forces in Afghanistan and Iraq.
The violence may have begun as early as 1968 with the murder of presidential aspirant Senator Robert Kennedy. The motive of Sirhan-Sirhan, a favorite topic of conspiracy promoters, has insufficiently received recognition as hatred of Kennedy's support for Israel based on propaganda he received in Palestine before his emigration to the US.[27] Sirhan Sirhan was not a Muslim, but was apparently greatly influenced by jihadi sentiment in Palestine before he arrived in the United States.
Before the takeover of the American Embassy in Teheran in 1979, there were also the murders of two American diplomats in Khartoum in the Sudan, and there is a list on the internet of other American victims in incidents not receiving as much publicity as those I list below.[28] The author has apparently overlooked the bombing of the US Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya on August 8, 1998 that killed 11 Americans.
Wallace Edward Brand is a retired lawyer living in Virginia.
Copyright - Original materials copyright (c) by the authors.
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