by Efraim Karsh
UNRWA, instead of ending direct relief and transferring responsibility for the refugees to the host Arab states within months, as stipulated by its mandate, has kept them on the U.N.’s dole for decades under false humanitarian pretense.
No
sooner had the Palestinian Arabs fled their homes during the 1948-49
war than they were taken under the protective wing of the international
community and protected like no other group in similar circumstances.
This special treatment ranged from their very recognition as refugees
despite the failure of many to satisfy the basic criteria for such
status, to the unprecedented creation of a relief agency committed
exclusively for their welfare: the United Nations Relief and Works
Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, or UNRWA.
Yet
rather than help resolve the Palestinian refugee problem, this
unparalleled indulgence has only served to confirm its permanency. And
no factor has contributed more to this perpetuation than UNRWA, which,
instead of ending direct relief and transferring responsibility for the
refugees to the host Arab states within months, as stipulated by its
mandate, has kept them on the U.N.’s dole for decades under false
humanitarian pretense.
Singled out for Privilege
World
War II created an unprecedented humanitarian crisis. In Europe alone,
more than 16 million refugees and displaced persons languished in search
of a solution to their plight. This included some 13 million Germans
expelled from Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and other East
European countries; nearly 2.5 million Poles, Ukrainians, Byelorussians,
Russians, and Lithuanians driven from their homelands to their newly
demarcated states; some 250,000 Jewish Holocaust survivors herded in
overcrowded camps (mainly) in the country that had just slaughtered six
million of their brothers; and over 400,000 Finns driven from
Soviet-occupied Karelia for the second time in half-a-decade.[1]
These
massive refugee problems were handled by the International Refugee
Organization (IRO), established by the U.N. General Assembly in December
1946 and succeeded in January 1951 by the High Commissioner’s Office
for Refugees (UNHCR), which rapidly expanded its initial
Eurocentric outlook to include refugees and displaced persons from all
over the world. There was only one exception to this pattern: the Arab
escapees of the 1948-49 war who received their own relief agency, the United
Nations Relief for Palestine Refugees (UNRPR), set up in November 1948
and succeeded on May 1, 1950 by UNRWA. And while UNHCR was created on a
shoestring annual budget of $300,000,[2] UNRWA was established on the assumption that “the
equivalent of approximately $33,700,000 will be required for direct
relief and works programmes for the period 1 January to 31 December
1950.”[3]
In other words, the Palestinian refugees received 110 times the money
allocated to the treatment of all other refugees throughout the world.
Sixty-eight years later,
UNHCR comprises nearly 11,000 personnel handling 17.2 million refugees
(or 1,568 refugees per worker) and 65.6 million forcibly displaced
persons compared to UNRWA’s 30,000-plus employees handling some 5.3
million “refugees” (or 176 refugees per worker). That is: Palestinian
“refugees” receive ten times the human resources as their less fortunate
counterparts anywhere in the world, and 34 times the humanitarian
support extended to displaced persons worldwide.[4]
The
word “refugees” has been put in quotes with regard to the Palestinians
currently cared for by UNRWA for the simple reason that they do not
correspond to the conventional refugee concept, which views this
phenomenon as a temporary plight that needs to be rectified swiftly. As
early as 1929, the League of Nations decided that its International
Office for Refugees would shut down within a decade at the most. Its
U.N. successor, the International Refugee Organization, was similarly
created as a temporary organ due to cease activities by the end of 1950
while the High Commissioner’s Office for Refugees was initially
conceived as a three-to-five-years-long agency.[5]
Likewise,
the U.N.’s Relief for Palestine Refugees was set up on the assumption
“that the problem would be resolved in a matter of months,”[6]
and even UNRWA was initially envisaged as a short-lived agency though
it quickly had its mandate perpetuated by uniquely making the
Palestinian “refugee” status hereditary so as to allow its indefinite
application to descendants of the original refugees.[7]
What
makes this distinct self-perpetuating leniency all the more
extraordinary is that even the original designation of the Palestinians
as refugees ran counter to both the standard definition of this status
and the international treatment of similar, if not worse, contemporary
humanitarian predicaments.
Real Refugees?
Misconstruing failed aggressors for victims.
The notion of refugees and displaced persons has been invariably
equated with unprovoked victimhood: being on the receiving end of
aggression. Members of aggressing parties, including innocent civilians
victimized as a result of their governments’ aggression, have been
viewed as culprits, undeserving of humanitarian international support.
Thus,
for example, not only did the IRO constitution deny refugee status to
the millions of “persons of ethnic German origins” driven from their
homes in the wake of the war—thereby forcing West (and East) Germany to
resettle them in their territories at their expense—but it also singled
out persons who “have voluntarily assisted the enemy forces since the
outbreak of the second world war in their operations against the United
Nations.” It moreover stipulated that Germany and Japan should pay, “to
the extent practicable,” for repatriating the millions of people
displaced as a result of their wartime aggression.[8]
Likewise, Finland not only had to absorb the 400,000-plus Karelian
refugees with no international support but was forced to pay
massive reparations to Moscow for having assisted the German attack on
the Soviet Union.
In
contrast, the Palestinians and the Arab states have never been
penalized for their “war of extermination and momentous massacre,” to
use the words of Arab League secretary-general Abdul Rahman Azzam,[9]
against the nascent state of Israel. Quite the reverse, in fact.
Despite U.N. secretary-general Trygve Lie’s admonition that “the United
Nations could not permit that aggression to succeed and at the same time
survive as an influential force for peaceful settlement, collective
security, and meaningful international law,”[10]
the Palestinians and the Arab states were generously rewarded for that
very aggression. The former have become the most privileged refugee
group ever; the latter have been generously remunerated for hosting the
displaced persons whose dispersal they caused in the first place.
This
unprovoked war of aggression should have ipso facto precluded the
Palestinians from refugee status, should have obliged them to compensate
their Jewish and Israeli victims, and should have made their
rehabilitation incumbent upon their leaders and the Arab regimes as with
post-World War II Germany and collaborating parties. However, it did
not. In addition, their designation as refugees also failed to satisfy
the internationally accepted definition of this status in several other
key respects.
“Internal refugees”?
The IRO constitution defined refugee as “a person who has left, or who
is outside of, his country of nationality or of former habitual
residence,”[11]
and this definition was reaffirmed by the 1951 Convention Relating to
the Status of Refugees, which applied the term to any person who “is
outside the country of his nationality and is unable or … unwilling to
avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a
nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual
residence as a result of such events is unable or ... is unwilling to
return to it.”[12]
This definition has been expanded by the UNHCR without changing its
general gist to include “persons who are outside their country of
nationality or habitual residence and unable to return there owing to serious and indiscriminate threats to life, physical integrity or freedom resulting from generalized violence or events seriously disturbing public order.”[13]
The
equation of refugeedom with being outside the national homeland was
neither accidental nor a semantic sophistry. Apart from the immense
dislocation occasioned by World War II, the immediate postwar years saw a
number of massive population dispersals, notably the 13 million Hindus
and Muslims displaced during the 1947 partition of the Indian
Subcontinent into the new states of India and Pakistan; the
millions dispersed during the Chinese civil strife, and the 700,000
displaced during the Greek civil war.[14]
Overwhelmed by the post-World War II European refugee crisis and
daunted by the magnitude of the problem elsewhere, the newly established
United Nations sought to shun responsibility for these crises as
evidenced by the IRO constitution and the deliberations leading to its
replacement by the UNHCR and the 1951 refugee convention. Insisting that
the protection of refugees “could only gain substance if it were given
by all the Members of the United Nations,” the U.S. representative (and
former First Lady) Eleanor Roosevelt emphasized the impracticality of
the idea. Only eighteen states had become members of the IRO while most
other governments refrained from doing so mainly for financial reasons,
she argued.
It
would, therefore, be better to adhere to the IRO’s definition of
refugees that focused on protecting those outside their national
homeland than to seek the unattainable goal of providing material
assistance to “all categories of refugees existing in any part of the
world.”[15]
As this line of thinking prevailed, the millions of Indian, Pakistani,
Chinese, and Greek “internal refugees” were not recognized as refugees
by the 1951 convention.
There
was, however, once again, one notable exception: the Palestinians.
While 480,000 of the 600,000 Palestinian Arabs who fled their homes
during the 1948-49 war—or 80 percent—remained in what used to be the
country of their nationality at the outbreak of hostilities, namely
mandatory Palestine,[16]
they were, nevertheless, recognized as refugees. And by way of
legitimizing this aberration, the 1951 convention specifically excluded
the Palestinians from the need to comply with its definition as a result
of them benefitting “from the protection or assistance of a United
Nations agency other than UNHCR.”[17]
This allowed UNRWA to adopt the highly inclusive definition of a
refugee as “a needy person, who, as a result of the war in Palestine,
has lost his home and his means of livelihood,” aware of the countless
borderline cases resulting from the continued presence of the “refugees”
in their country of nationality:
In some circumstances, a family may have lost part or all of its land from which its living was secured, but it may still have a house to live in. Others may have lived on one side of the boundary but worked in what is now Israel most of the year. Others, such as Bedouins, normally moved from one area of the country to another, and some escaped with part or all of their goods but could not return to the area where they formerly resided the greater part of the time.[18]
To
be sure, the 200,000 escapees to the Gaza Strip and the 280,000 who
fled to the territory that became the West Bank after its April 1950
annexation to Jordan were in no position to return to their prewar
dwellings. This was because their leaders and the Egyptian and Jordanian
governments that conquered these areas during the war would not allow
this, and because Israel would not allow their repatriation before a
comprehensive peace was concluded in case this might be “exploited in
order to encourage subversive or hostile activities” as feared by the
IRO.[19]
Yet
these displaced persons remained in their country of nationality and
could have readily rebuilt their lives there as ordinary citizens rather
than refugees, either by being allowed to proclaim their own
independent state in the West Bank and Gaza, as stipulated by the
partition resolution of November 1947, or as citizens of the respective
occupying states.
Indeed,
the 280,000 escapees in the West Bank, alongside the 88,000 who had
fled to Transjordan (east of the Jordan River)—i.e., a total of 368,000,
more than 60 percent of those who had fled their homes during the war[20]—became Jordanian citizens even before the area’s official annexation to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
This,
on its own, should have disqualified them for refugee status as both
the IRO constitution and the 1951 convention unequivocally deny this
status and its attendant benefits to any refugee who “has acquired a new
nationality, and enjoys the protection of the country of his new
nationality.”[21]
In line with this ruling, in 1952-53, the High Commissioner for
Refugees declined Ankara’s request to grant refugee status to the
154,000 persons of Turkish origin who had been expelled from Bulgaria on
the grounds that they ceased to be refugees upon receiving Turkish
citizenship.[22]
Yet this principle has never been applied to the Palestinians who have
been granted Jordanian citizenship or their descendants—amounting to
some 3 million “refugees” in today’s terms.
Even
less deserving of refugee status are the Palestinians who moved from
the West Bank of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to its eastern bank
during the June 1967 war. Not only did they remain in the country of
their nationality under the rule of their own government, but as members
of the aggressing party, they did not meet the basic requirement for
refugee status: victimhood.On June 5,
at the outbreak of hostilities on the Egyptian front, Israel passed
several secret messages to Jordan’s King Hussein, pleading with him to
stay out of the fighting and pledging that in such an eventuality, no
harm would be visited upon his kingdom.[23]
Had the king heeded these pleas and refrained from attacking Israel,
there would have been no war, and the West Bank would have remained
under his control.
Justified flight?
Last but not least, the 1951 convention linked people’s flight from
their national homeland, which qualified them for refugee status, to
“well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion,
nationality, membership of a particular social group or political
opinion.”[24]
Yet no such fear should have existed in the Palestinian case—not in
1967, when it became evident within days that West Bankers faced no
imminent threat to their lives or properties, and not in 1948-49, when
the Zionist leadership went out of its way to articulate its desire for
peaceful coexistence with the country’s Arab population. Indeed, no
sooner had the guns fallen silent than a senior British diplomat on a
fact-finding mission to Gaza in June 1949 was told by the refugees that
“they have no quarrel with the Jews, that they have lived with the Jews
all their lives and are perfectly ready to go back and live with them
again.”[25]
These
were no idle words. In accepting the partition resolution, the Zionist
movement acquiesced in the principle of a two-state solution and all
subsequent deliberations were based on the assumption that Palestine’s
Arabs would remain as equal citizens in the Jewish state that would
arise with the termination of the British mandate. In the words of David
Ben-Gurion, soon to become Israel’s first prime minister: “In our
state, there will be non-Jews as well—and all of them will be equal
citizens; equal in everything without any exception; that is: The state
will be their state as well.”[26]
In
line with this conception, committees laying the groundwork for the
nascent Jewish state discussed in detail the establishment of an
Arabic-language press, the improvement of health in the Arab sector, the
incorporation of Arab officials in the government, the integration of
Arabs within the police and the ministry of education, and Arab-Jewish
cultural and intellectual interaction.[27]
No less importantly, the military plan of the Hagana (the foremost
Jewish underground organization in mandatory Palestine) for rebuffing an
anticipated pan-Arab invasion (or Plan D) was itself predicated, in the
explicit instructions of Israel Galilee, the Hagana’s
commander-in-chief, on the “acknowledgement of the full rights, needs,
and freedom of the Arabs in the Hebrew state without any discrimination,
and a desire for coexistence on the basis of mutual freedom and
dignity.”[28]
The
same principle was enshrined in Israel’s Declaration of Independence of
May 14, 1948, which undertook to “uphold absolute social and political
equality of rights for all its citizens, without distinction of
religion, race, or sex” and urged the Arab citizens “to take part in the
building of the state on the basis of full and equal citizenship and on
the basis of appropriate representation in all its institutions,
provisional and permanent.” In its first meeting two days later,
the provisional Israeli government discussed a basic law regulating the
nascent state’s ruling institutions and practices, which ensured, among
other things, the right of Arab citizens to be elected to parliament
and to serve as cabinet ministers as well as the continued functioning
of the autonomous Muslim (and Christian) religious courts that had
existed during the mandate. Four months later,
the government decided that Arabic, alongside Hebrew, would serve as
the official language in all public documents and certificates.[29]
Had
the Palestinian leadership and the neighboring Arab regimes similarly
accepted the partition resolution rather than attempt to destroy the
state of Israel at birth, there would have been no war and no refugee
problem in the first place. Most of mandatory Palestine’s Arab
population would have resided in the prospective Arab state and a
substantial Arab minority would have lived peacefully in Israel. Hence,
the Palestinian exodus was not a result of “well-founded fear of being
persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a
particular social group or political opinion” but a corollary of a
failed war of annihilation against a peaceful neighbor.
Likewise,
the Palestinian flight during the 1967 war was not the consequence of a
“well-founded fear of being persecuted.” The Israeli defeat of the
second pan-Arab attempt to destroy it in a generation posed no threat to
the West Bank’s civilian population. Quite the contrary, had it been up
to Israel, war would not have come to this front in the first place as
evidenced by the secret pleas to King Hussein noted above. Besides, with
West Bank fighting over within a mere four days, it was clear to all
that there was no Israeli plan to harm, let alone expel the Palestinian
population in this territory.
Inflating Refugee Numbers
Apart
from recognizing the Palestinians as refugees despite their failure to
meet the basic criteria for this status and assigning a distinct agency
to tend to their affairs, the U.N. blindly registered countless false
claimants as refugees despite its keen awareness of the pervasiveness of
this fraud, then let their falsely obtained status be passed on to
future generations.
At
the beginning of August 1948, after eight months of Arab-Jewish
fighting, the director of the U.N. Disaster Relief Project (DRP) in
Palestine, Sir Raphael Cilento, set the number of refugees at
300,000-350,000,[30] and the September 16 General Assembly report by the U.N. mediator for Palestine Folke Bernadotte settled on the slightly higher figure of 360,000.[31]
A supplementary report submitted a month later by Bernadotte’s
successor, Ralph Bunche, raised the figure to 472,000, estimating the
number of people who would require U.N. aid in the 9-month period from
December 1, 1948 to August 1, 1949, at 500,000.[32]
By
now, however, the Arabs had dramatically upped the ante. In October
1948, the Arab League set the number of refugees at 631,967, and by the
end of the month, official Arab estimates ranged between 740,000 and
780,000. When the U.N.’s Relief for Palestine Refugees began operation
in November 1948, it found some 940,000 refugees on its relief rolls.[33]
U.N.
officials deemed these figures to be grossly exaggerated, not least
since there had been no major influx of refugees since Bernadotte and
Bunche submitted their far lower estimates. By way of illustrating the
inflated Arab figures, Cilento pointed to allegations of growing refugee
presence in certain locations at a time when their real numbers in
these sites had actually decreased.[34]
Similarly, in his October report, Bunche noted the false allegation by
the Syrian authorities of the existence of 30,000 refugees in the
northern cities of Aleppo, Latakia, Hama, and Homs whereas the
actual figure was hardly half that size.[35]
Sir John Troutbeck, head of the British Middle East office in Cairo,
got a firsthand impression of the pervasive inflation of refugee numbers
during a fact-finding mission to Gaza in June 1949. He reported to
London:
The Quakers have nearly 250,000 refugees on their books. … They admit, however, that the figures are unreliable, as it is impossible to stop all fraud in the making of returns. Deaths for example are never registered nor are the names struck off the books of those who leave the district clandestinely. Some names, too, are probably registered more than once for the extra rations.[36]
This
state of affairs is hardly surprising. Population figures of
Palestinian Arab society, especially of rural Muslim communities, were
notoriously unreliable, based as they were on information provided by
rural and urban headmen (mukhtars) that was deliberately
inflated in order to obtain greater government support, especially food
rations. As explained in the preface to the mandatory government’s Village Statistics 1945,
for all the “very detailed work” invested in this comprehensive
compendium of rural Palestine, its estimates “cannot … be considered as
other than rough estimates which in some instances may ultimately be
found to differ even considerably, from the actual figures.”[37] Likewise, the supplementary volume to the Survey of Palestine (1946), compiled in June 1947 for the information of the U.N. Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP), revealed that
many cases of death, especially in rural areas, have not been reported. These omissions (which are mainly due to the attempt to obtain food rations of deceased persons) seriously impair the reliability of the death rates (particularly infant mortality rates) and that of the rate of natural increase.[38]
Even
if accepting the supplement’s estimate of 1.3 million Palestinian Arabs
at the end of 1946 (the actual figure was most probably 10 percent
lower), the number of refugees could by no stretch of the imagination
approximate the alleged Arab figures. This is because some
550,000-600,00 Arabs who lived in the mandatory districts of Samaria,
Jerusalem, and Gaza (which subsequently became the West Bank and the
Gaza Strip) remained in situ while another 160,000 Arabs remained in, or
returned to, Israel. This, in turn, puts the number of refugees at
540,000-590,000. Likewise, according to an extrapolation of the Village Statistics 1945,
the non-Jewish population of the area that was to become Israeli
territory at the end of the war amounted, in April 1948, to some
696,000-726,800. Deducting Israel’s 160,000-strong postwar Arab
population from this figure would leave 536,000-566,800 refugees beyond
Israel’s frontiers.[39]
Indeed,
the interim report of the United Nations Economic Survey Mission for
the Middle East of November 16, 1949, which formed the basis for UNRWA’s
creation three weeks later,
recommended that the number of rations issued by UNRPR “should be
reduced by 1 January 1950 from the present rate of 940,000 to 652,000.”[40]
Yet, while conceding the impossibility to exclude fraudulent
individuals and groups from its refugee rolls, in part given the
outpouring of destitute non-Palestinian Arabs seeking to enroll in its
services, UNRWA not only refused to reduce refugee numbers below 800,000
but subsequently raised this figure to one million. In the agency’s
first year of operation, the number of “refugees” housed in its camps
grew by 20 percent with “many thousands of new applications … received
each month.” These included new arrivals from Israel—well over a year
after the end of hostilities—and “some considerable movement of the
[non-Palestinian] population in the search of water, particularly in
Jordan, as a result of the severe drought that has dried up wells and
cisterns.”[41]
From Transience to Permanence
UNRWA was established on a very precise, highly limited, and short-term mandate:
(a) To carry out in collaboration with local governments the direct relief and works programmes as recommended by the Economic Survey Mission;(b) To consult with the interested Near Eastern Governments concerning measures to be taken by them preparatory to the time when international assistance for relief and works projects is no longer available.[42]
The
Economic Survey Mission, the recommendations of which UNRWA was
established to implement, was set up in August 1949 by the Conciliation
Commission for Palestine in order “to examine economic conditions in the
Near East and to make recommendations for action to meet the
dislocation caused by the recent hostilities” in line with Resolution
194 of December 1948.[43]
Having found both options suggested by the resolution—repatriation of
those refugees “wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with
their neighbors” and “resettlement and economic and social
rehabilitation of the refugees” in the Arab states[44]—to
be impractical in the immediate future, the mission proposed a
graduated integration of the refugees in the host countries by moving
from direct relief to public works. It argued, “Rather than remain
objects of charity, the refugees who are idle must have an opportunity
to go to work where they are now.” It reasoned that such work
would increase the productive capacity of the countries in which they have found refuge … halt the demoralizing process of pauperization, outcome of a dole prolonged … [and] increase the practical alternatives available to refugees, and thereby encourage a more realistic view of the kind of future they want and the kind they can achieve.[45]
Specifically,
the mission recommended eliminating free rations supplied to the
refugees by the end of 1950, by which time the new relief agency (i.e.,
UNRWA) would have negotiated with the Arab governments their takeover
“as soon as possible, and at latest by 31 December 1950, responsibility
for the maintenance of such refugees as may remain within their
territories.”[46]
In other words, within months of its creation, UNRWA should have handed
over responsibility for its operations to the host countries and been
subsequently disbanded with the ending of U.N. support for the works
program on June 30, 1951. In other words, within months of its creation,
UNRWA should have handed over responsibility for its operations to the
host countries and been subsequently disbanded with the ending of U.N.
support for the works program on June 30, 1951.
Nothing
of the sort happened. In his first report to the General Assembly in
October 1950, five months after its launch, the UNRWA director recounted
a smaller reduction in rations distribution and lower employment rates
than envisaged by the Economic Survey Mission, with only 17,500 refugees
working on new projects. The director attributed this underperformance
to UNRWA’s later than expected start of operation; to the unsatisfactory
economic conditions in certain areas; and to the difficulty in
“selling” the works program to the Arab governments and the refugees.
Blaming the United Nations and the West for their plight, the refugees
showed “little, if any, gratitude for the Agency’s efforts to maintain
or improve [their] condition” instead demanding “increased medical and
educational services and improved rations both in quantity and quality.”[47]
Yet
rather than seek to dispel this misguided sense of victimized
entitlement and steer the refugees toward rehabilitation as stipulated
by its mandate, UNRWA began edging in the opposite direction. While
paying lip service to its obligation to help “the Near East countries
assume responsibility for administering the refugee programme,” it
proposed the continuation of direct relief beyond 1950 (budgeting its
operations until July 1952) and the effective transformation of the
works program into a relief operation “specifically directed toward
improvement of the refugees’ living conditions, current and future.”[48] By 1956, its original mission of reintegration had been all but abandoned.[49]
No
less importantly, the director’s report absolved the Arab states (let
alone the Palestinian leadership) of responsibility for reintegrating
the refugees as stipulated by UNRWA’s mandate. While the Economic Survey
Mission sought to strengthen the governing and administrative
capabilities of the Arab states by empowering them to execute the works
programs “to the fullest degree possible,” with the international
community reduced to advisory and supervisory roles, the director
declared this endeavor “to be beyond the present capacity of Near
Eastern governments to bear.”[50]
Instead, he insisted that “the magnitude of and the danger inherent in
the Near East refugee problem needs the fullest understanding and
support of the nations of the world”[51]—this at a time when millions of refugees elsewhere received no international support whatsoever.
What
makes this instantaneous dereliction of duty particularly galling is
that UNRWA had an excellent example of how to execute its mission. The
48,000 displaced persons in Israel—17,000 Jews and 31,000 Arabs—who
initially fell under its jurisdiction were absorbed into Israel’s
socioeconomic structures as fully-fledged citizens within a few months
in stark contrast to their Palestinian counterparts whose refugee status
has been perpetuated for generations. In their discussions with UNRWA,
the Israelis rejected the idea of international relief distribution
altogether, considering it to be the state’s responsibility to care for
displaced persons, especially the aged and infirm among them, through
its normal social welfare machinery,[52] which is precisely what was envisaged by UNRWA’s own mandate.
It is true that the scope of Israel’s refugee problem was numerically much smaller than its Palestinian counterpart, yet its relative burden was three time heavier: The 48,000 displaced persons constituted 6 percent of Israel’s total population while the 600,000 Palestinian refugees accounted for a mere 2 percent of the Arab states’ population. And this figure does not include the hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees expelled from the Arab states during and after the 1948-49 war—whose numbers exceeded Israel’s total population—who were also absorbed by the Jewish state.
It is true that the scope of Israel’s refugee problem was numerically much smaller than its Palestinian counterpart, yet its relative burden was three time heavier: The 48,000 displaced persons constituted 6 percent of Israel’s total population while the 600,000 Palestinian refugees accounted for a mere 2 percent of the Arab states’ population. And this figure does not include the hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees expelled from the Arab states during and after the 1948-49 war—whose numbers exceeded Israel’s total population—who were also absorbed by the Jewish state.
Conclusion
In
late 1949, the American Friends Service Committee, which had shouldered
most of the Palestinian refugee relief in Gaza, informed the U.N. of
its intention to end its operation at the earliest possible moment:
It is obvious that prolonged direct relief contributes to the moral degeneration of the refugees and that it may also, by its palliative effects, militate against a swift political settlement of the problem.[53]
The
same logic informed the establishment of UNRWA, only to be discarded by
its leadership within months. Rather than “start [the refugees] on the
road to rehabilitation and bring an end to their enforced idleness and
the demoralizing effect of a dole,”[54]
as instructed by the Economic Survey Mission, the agency not only
sustained their misery but has ensured its perpetuation for decades.
It
is true that culpability for this dismal state of affairs is not
UNRWA’s alone. With the partial exception of Jordan, which integrated
the 1948-49 escapees as full citizens (which should have ended their
refugee status), the Arab governments kept the refugees in squalid camps
for decades as a means of extracting financial international aid,
derogating Israel in the eyes of the West, and arousing pan-Arab
sentiments.
Nor
were the refugees themselves eager to substitute gainful employment for
welfare support. Considering the U.N. to be “entirely responsible for
both [their] past and present misfortunes,” they viewed its aid programs
as their natural right and were loath to lose its considerable
benefits. In the words of UNRWA’s director:
It is probably true to say that the refugees are physically better off than the poorest levels of the population of the host countries; and in some cases better off, in the way of social services, than they were in Palestine.[55]
Yet
it is precisely this misguided sense of victimized entitlement and
total absence of self-criticism that have turned generations
of Palestinian “refugees” into passive welfare recipients rather than
productive and enterprising free agents, thus allowing the decades-long
manipulation of their cause by successive Palestinian leaderships and
the Arab regimes. This in turn means that neither UNRWA, nor the
Palestinian Authority, nor the Arab states, nor even the “refugees”
themselves are likely to initiate a real change to this state of
affairs, which has long benefitted their self-serving interests in one
way or another.
One
can only hope, therefore, that as UNRWA nears its seventieth
anniversary, the agency’s main donors, first and foremost the United
States and the European Union, which bankroll nearly half of its budget,[56]
will find the necessary courage and integrity to acknowledge the
urgency of deep reform and condition future contributions on UNRWA’s
reversion to the original mandate: that is, its gradual transfer of
responsibility for the Palestinian “refugees” to the Palestinian
Authority and the host Arab governments, thus ending their eternal
“refugeedom” and facilitating their integration in their respective
societies as equal and productive citizens. This will be seventy years
later than originally conceived, but better late than never.
Efraim Karsh,
editor of the Middle East Quarterly, is emeritus professor of Middle
East and Mediterranean studies at King’s College London and director of
the Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies at Bar-Ilan University.
Notes
[1] “About Us: Figures at a Glance,” U.N. High Commissioner’s Office for Refugees (UNHCR), New York.
[2] “General Assembly Resolution 302. Assistance to Palestine Refugees,” United Nations, A/RES/302 (IV), Dec. 8, 1949, art. 6
[3]
See, for example, “The Integration of Refugees into German Life. A
Report of the ECA Technical Assistance Commission on the Integration of
Refugees in the German Republic, Submitted to the Chancellor of the
Federal Republic of Germany, Mar. 21, 1951”; Malcolm J. Proudfoot, European Refugees: 1939-52. A Study in Forced Population Movement (London: Faber, 1956)
[4] “About Us: Figures at a Glance,” UNHCR; “Who We Are,” United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA); Programme Budget 2016-2017, UNRWA, Aug. 2015
[5] Deborah Kaplan, The Arab Refugees: An Abnormal Problem
(Jerusalem: Rubin Mass, 1959), pp. 118-19, 124; Mrs. Roosevelt at the
General Assembly’s 4th sess., 3rd comm., “Refugees and stateless
persons,” Lake Success, N.Y., Nov. 12, 1949, p. 132
[6]
“Assistance to Palestine Refugees. Interim Report of the Director of
the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the
Near East,” General Assembly Official Records, 5th sess., supplement
no. 19, (A/1451/Rev.), Oct. 6, 1950, art. 6.
[7] “Report of the commissioner-general,” UNRWA, July 1, 1970-June 30, 1971, UNGA A/8413, fn. 1.
[8] “Constitution of the International Refugee Organization,” The Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, pp. 810, 816-17.
[9] David Barnett and Efraim Karsh, “See more
Efraim Karsh, editor of the Middle East Quarterly, is emeritus professor of Middle East and Mediterranean studies at King’s College London and director of the Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies at Bar-Ilan University.
Source: https://www.meforum.org/articles/2018/the-privileged-palestinian-refugees
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