Richard
Grenell is stepping down from his role as U.S. ambassador to Germany.
The move ends one of the most effective American ambassadorships to
Berlin in recent memory. Pictured: Grenell with German Chancellor Angela
Merkel on July 6, 2018 near Gransee, Germany. (Photo by Sean
Gallup/Getty Images)
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Richard Grenell is
stepping down
from his role as U.S. ambassador to Germany. The move ends one of the
most effective American ambassadorships to Berlin in recent memory.
Grenell arguably has done more than any other American official, with
the possible exception of U.S. President Donald J. Trump, to call out
the duplicity, hypocrisy and recklessness of Germany's foreign policy
establishment.
On a wide range of geopolitical issues — from relations with China,
Iran and Russia to anti-Semitism, climate change, defense spending
(NATO), energy dependence (Nord Stream), globalism, Hezbollah, Huawei
and mass migration — Grenell embarrassed German leaders by showing that
their words and actions do not match.
The greatest point of contention in U.S. relations with Germany is
Berlin's refusal to honor its pledge to spend 2% of its GDP on defense.
Germany, the largest and wealthiest country in the European Union,
currently lacks a functioning Air Force and Navy and is completely
dependent on U.S. security guarantees. Germany's unwillingness to pay
for its own defense has led to charges that it is "free-riding" on
American security. Grenell consistently drew attention to this untenable
arrangement, much to the anger of German elites.
Closely related to the defense spending issue is Germany's increasing
energy dependency on Russia. Despite opposition from the United States
and 15 European countries, Germany is determined to complete the Nord
Stream 2 natural gas pipeline, which will further increase Russia's
leverage as an energy supplier to Europe. Grenell placed a spotlight on
the inherent contradiction that while the United States is spending
billions of dollars annually to defend Europe against growing threats
from Russia, German energy policies are
increasing Russia's grip over Europe.
Grenell's skillful use of Twitter enabled him to bypass Germany's
mainstream media and offer an alternative to the official narratives
parroted by Germany's political and media establishment. German elites
frequently responded with ad hominem attacks; Grenell remained above the
fray and stayed focused on the policy issues.
Grenell's greatest achievement during his roughly two years as
ambassador was his tireless pursuit of the American interest and his
unwillingness to appease Germany's anti-American establishment.
Cliff Sims, a former advisor to President Trump,
encapsulated the essence of Grenell's diplomatic style:
"The mandate of a diplomat is usually to be diplomatic.
Trumpian foreign policy is obviously more confrontational. Ric is
willing to be publicly confrontational with his host country if it's in
America's national interest in a way that is not typical historically
but directly reflects the way Trump operates."
Thomas Jaeger, a political scientist at the University of Cologne,
said that Grenell has had an important impact on shaping the public debate in Germany:
"He had no qualms about putting the German government
under pressure in public, which might not have always been the smartest
thing to do. But everyone knew Trump listened closely to him. I think
they could have used that connection a lot better. In any case, Grenell
has been highly effective in getting Germany to talk more about defense
spending and about the Nord Stream 2 pipeline. The public opinion on
those two issues has changed, and Grenell certainly had a role in that."
Following is a brief selection of Grenell's tweets, statements and
interactions with Germany's political establishment on a variety of
issues:
Iran
On May 8, 2018, Grenell's first day as U.S. Ambassador to Germany, he made a splash with a
tweet
that the Trump administration was serious about enforcing sanctions
against Iran: "As @realDonaldTrump said, US sanctions will target
critical sectors of Iran's economy. German companies doing business in
Iran should wind down operations immediately."
The tweet, which came after President Trump announced that he was
pulling the United States out of the Iran nuclear deal, was greeted with
indignation:
- Former German Ambassador to the United States, Wolfgang Ischinger, tweeted:
"Ric: my advice, after a long ambassadorial career: explain your own
country's policies, and lobby the host country - but never tell the host
country what to do, if you want to stay out of trouble. Germans are
eager to listen, but they will resent instructions."
- Green Party lawmaker Omid Nouripour said:
"Good cooperation means that one does not drive a highly aggressive,
ruthless policy towards our security interests and before you even
arrive here, you threaten the German economy. It's simply not a tone of
cooperation and we have to say so very clearly."
- The then leader of Germany's Social Democratic Party, Andrea Nahles, added:
"It's not my task to teach people about the fine art of diplomacy,
especially not the U.S. ambassador. But he does appear to need some
tutoring."
Grenell responded by
tweeting that what he wrote was "the exact language sent out from the White House talking points & fact sheet."
After former German Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel insinuated that the United States was no a friend of Germany, Grenell
tweeted:
"Gabriel is now in Iran meeting with the regime to talk
about doing more trade deals.... this after an Iranian 'diplomat' was
arrested in Germany for giving an explosive device to 2 people on their
way to blow up a convention in Paris."
Grenell also
said that months of pressure from the United States led Germany finally to ban Iran's Mahan Air, which is
linked to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Qods Force (IRGC-QF). German officials
countered that they took the initiative on their own.
Hezbollah
Grenell was tireless in his efforts to pressure the German government
to outlaw Hezbollah — Arabic for "The Party of Allah" — in Germany. On
December 19, 2019, the German parliament, known as the Bundestag,
approved a three-page resolution — "Effective Action against Hezbollah" — that called on the German government to ban the
activities
of the Iran-backed Lebanese terrorist group on German territory.
According to the Bundestag, a complete organizational ban of Hezbollah
is (supposedly) impossible because the group's structures in Germany are
"not currently ascertainable."
On April 30, 2020, after years of equivocating, the German government announced a
compromise measure
between German lawmakers who want to take a harder line against Iran
and those who do not. The ban falls far short of a complete prohibition
on Hezbollah and appears aimed at providing the German government with
political cover that allows Berlin to claim that it has banned the group
even if it has not.
The ban does not require the closure of Hezbollah mosques or cultural
centers, nor does it require that members of the group be deported. The
ban also does not prohibit Hezbollah operatives from travelling to
Germany.
Israel
Grenell has been an indefatigable supporter of Israel. Germany claims
that the security of Israel is a fundamental element of its
Staatsräson, or "reason of state." German foreign policy, however, is
decidedly anti-Israel. Grenell frequently reminded German leaders that their words and actions regarding Israel do not match.
In recent years, Germany has
approved scores of anti-Israel UN resolutions. In May 2016, Germany
voted in favor
of an especially disgraceful UN resolution, co-sponsored by the Arab
group of states and the Palestinian delegation, that singled out Israel
at the annual assembly of the World Health Organization (WHO) as the
world's only violator of "mental, physical and environmental health."
Much of Germany's political establishment appears to be fundamentally
anti-Israel. In March 2019, for instance, the Bundestag overwhelmingly
rejected
a resolution by the Free Democratic Party (FDP) to urge Chancellor
Angela Merkel's government to reverse its anti-Israel voting record at
the United Nations.
In February 2019, on the 40th anniversary of the Islamic Revolution, German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier
congratulated, "also in the name of my compatriots," the Iranian regime, which openly
seeks Israel's destruction. The move was defended by much of the German establishment as "diplomatic custom."
In February 2020, Grenell
rebuked the German government for its plans to celebrate the founding of the Islamic Republic of Iran:
"Germany has a moral responsibility to say to Iran very
firmly and clearly that it is unacceptable to deny basic human rights to
your people, or kill protesters in the streets or push gay people off
buildings. Celebrating the regime's ongoing existence sends the opposite
message."
In response, Steinmeier's office
announced
that it would not send the Iranian regime a congratulatory email on the
anniversary of the revolution — but then "accidentally"
sent it anyway.
President Trump's Middle East Peace Plan
On January 28, 2020, the Trump administration
unveiled its Middle East peace plan. The proposal was widely criticized in Germany. German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas
said:
"Only a negotiated two-state solution, acceptable to both sides, can
lead to a lasting peace between Israelis and Palestinians."
- Bundestag member Norbert Röttgen tweeted:
"The so-called #PeacePlan is to the detriment of #Palestine and
presented as an ultimatum depicts a setback in the conflict. It is
primarily a contribution to the ongoing election campaigns in the #USA
& #Israel and a welcome diversion from domestic crises in both
states."Grenell replied:
"Abbas is in his 15th year of a 4 year term. The US didn't cause this
conflict but we are trying to solve it. Maybe some help?"
- The director of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Volker Perthes, tweeted:
"#Trump's 'deal of the century' is essentially a reflection of
Netanyahu's ideas for #Israel's relation with Palestinians, packaged as a
US 'peace plan'. Don't take it lightly though. It will shape
developments on the ground, as well as international law debates and
practice."Grenell replied:
"Europeans who criticize this good initiative from the sidelines, while
failing to offer any ideas of their own should be dismissed and ignored
for wanting the failing status quo. Less talk, more action."
Conservatism
In June 2018, a month after assuming his ambassadorship, Grenell, in an interview with
Breitbart,
said that he wanted to empower European conservatives:
"I absolutely want to empower other conservatives
throughout Europe, other leaders. I think there is a groundswell of
conservative policies that are taking hold because of the failed
policies of the left.
"There's no question about that and it's an exciting time for me. I
look across the landscape and we've got a lot of work to do but I think
the election of Donald Trump has empowered individuals and people to say
that they can't just allow the political class to determine before an
election takes place, who's going to win and who should run.
"That's a very powerful moment when you can grasp the ability to see
past the group-think of a very small elitist crowd telling you you have
no chance to win or you'll never win, or they mock you early on."
Grenell's seemingly innocuous comments stoked hyperbolic outrage:
- Martin Schulz, a former leader of Germany's Social Democratic Party, said: "Grenell does not behave like a diplomat, but like a far-right colonial officer."
- Left Party lawmaker Sahra Wagenknecht called
for Grenell's expulsion: "Anyone who, like US Ambassador Richard
Grenell, thinks that he can determine who governs Europe, can no longer
remain in Germany as a diplomat."
- A parliamentarian for the Social Democrats, Johannes Kahrs, tweeted: "If this is how it was said, then this man should leave the country."
- Sevim Dagdelen of the opposition Left party described Grenell as Trump's "regime change envoy."
Huawei
The Trump administration has repeatedly urged Germany against
allowing the Chinese telecommunications company Huawei to participate in
its next-generation mobile network. The U.S. government has warned that
Beijing could use Huawei technology to conduct espionage or cyber
sabotage.
The President of Germany's Federal Intelligence Service, Bruno Kahl, also
advised against a role for Huawei. "Infrastructure is not a suitable area for a group that cannot be trusted fully," he said.
In February 2020, after China threatened to retaliate against German
carmakers, German Chancellor Angela Merkel's ruling conservatives
announced a compromise measure that stopped short of banning Huawei.
In response, Grenell
tweeted:
"@realDonaldTrump just called me from AF1 and instructed
me to make clear that any nation who chooses to use an untrustworthy 5G
vendor will jeopardize our ability to share Intelligence and information
at the highest level."
The tweet elicited a series of responses:
- Left Party lawmaker Steffen Bockhahn tweeted:
"Mister Ambassador, you should know, that parliamentarians are free in
mind and in decision. In old Europe we want it like that and we like
diplomatic diplomats. It makes real and open-minded conversation much
easier. Regards!"Grenell replied:
"You want a US that doesn't pressure you to pay your NATO obligation,
looks the other way when you buy too much Russian gas, doesn't demand
you take back your Nazi prison guard living in NYC, accepts your higher
car tariffs and still sends 50,000 troops to your country."
- Bundestag member Alexander Graf Lambsdorff tweeted:
"Is there a US vendor the President would care to recommend instead?
Does he have a list of 'trustworthy vendors'? Which criteria does he
apply to determine 'trustworthiness'?"Grenell replied: "It's odd that you don't think about European solutions. Do you take any responsibility or just blame the US?"
- A director of the French search engine Qwant, Guillaume Champeau, tweeted:
"According to the U.S. ambassador to Germany, the U.S. is threatening
to withhold [intelligence] information from states that have Huawei in
their 5G infrastructure."Grenell replied:
"According to this guy, the US doesn't get to react to policies we find
dangerous. I find it offensive that you think the US cooperation must
stay the same no matter what you do. We call that taking us for
granted."
- German Economy Minister Peter Altmaier, a close confident of Chancellor Angela Merkel, created a false equivalency between the United States, which guarantees Germany's security, and China. On a television talk show, he suggested that American telecommunications companies posed just as much of a security threat as ones from China.Grenell responded
that Altmaier's comparison was "an insult to the thousands of American
troops who help ensure Germany's security and to the millions of
Americans committed to a strong Western alliance. These claims are
likewise an insult to the millions of Chinese citizens denied basic
freedoms and unjustly imprisoned by the CCP [Communist Party of China]."
Defense Spending
At a NATO summit in Wales in 2014, members agreed to meet a goal of
spending at least 2% of their GDP on defense within the next decade.
On March 18, 2019, German Finance Minister Olaf Scholz
announced
that Germany would not be spending two percent of its gross domestic
product (GDP) on defense. He said that the share of defense expenditure
in GDP would rise to 1.37% in the short term, but decrease to 1.25% by
2023. Chancellor Angela Merkel had pledged to increase spending to 1.5%
by 2024.
Grenell
responded:
"NATO members have clearly committed to moving towards
two percent by 2024 and not moving away from it. The fact that the
Federal Government is even considering reducing its already unacceptable
contributions to military readiness is a worrying signal from Germany
to its 28 NATO allies."
The deputy speaker of the Bundestag, Wolfgang Kubicki,
called for Grenell to be expelled from Germany:
"If a U.S. diplomat acts like a high commissioner of an
occupying power, he will have to learn that our tolerance has its
limits. It is no longer tolerable that the US ambassador intervenes
again in political questions of the sovereign Federal Republic. Germany
should not tolerate this improper behavior for reasons of self-respect."
The SPD parliamentary director, Carsten Schneider, also
rejected
Grenell's criticism: "Mr. Grenell is a total diplomatic failure. With
his repeated clumsy provocations, Mr. Grenell damages the transatlantic
relationship."
In November 2019, German Defense Minister Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer
said that Germany would not meet its NATO defense spending target until 2031.
Nord Stream 2 Gas Pipeline
Grenell worked tirelessly to stop the controversial Nord Stream 2 gas
pipeline directly linking Russia to Germany. The €9.5 billion ($10.5
billion) pipeline would
double
shipments of Russian natural gas to Germany by transporting the gas
under the Baltic Sea. Opponents of the pipeline warn that it will give
Russia a stranglehold over Germany's energy supply.
On December 20, 2019, President Trump
signed
into law the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), the annual
defense spending bill, which included Nord Stream 2 sanctions language.
The measure previously cleared the U.S. House of Representatives and the
U.S. Senate by overwhelming margins. The American sanctions forced
Switzerland's Allseas Group SA, which was laying the sub-sea pipes, to
abandon work, throwing the project into disarray.
German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas
tweeted: "European energy policy is decided in Europe, not in the US. We reject external interference and extraterritorial sanctions."
Grenell, in an interview with
Bild, the largest-circulation newspaper in Germany,
responded:
"This is a longstanding US policy that goes back to the
Obama administration. The goal has always been for diversification of
Europe's energy sources and to ensure that not one country or source can
build up too much influence on Europe through energy....
"Fifteen European countries, the European Commission and the European
Parliament have all expressed their concerns about the project. We have
been hearing from our European partners that the United States should
support them in their efforts. That is why the sanctions are a very
pro-European decision. Currently, there is a lot of talk in Germany
about being more for Europe and we believe that when it comes to Nord
Stream 2, we have taken an extremely pro-European position. I've been
hearing all day from European diplomats thanking me for taking this
action."
Richard Herzinger, political correspondent for
Die Welt,
wrote in support of Grenell:
"U.S. Ambassador Richard Grenell said that the Washington
sanction decision against the Russian-German Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline
was 'a very pro-European decision.'
"American interest in the European gas market is certainly not
entirely selfless. In principle, however, Grenell is absolutely right
when he rejects the accusation that the sanctions are directed against
Europe.
"The German government, most recently in the person of Finance
Minister Olaf Scholz, incorrectly presents the U.S. punitive measures as
an attack on pan-European energy sovereignty. In truth, it is more
Berlin itself that isolates itself in Europe with its stubborn adherence
to Nord Stream 2.
"A number of EU governments, especially Poland and the Baltic States,
welcome U.S. intervention as a long-awaited step against the expansion
of German-Russian energy cooperation, which they see as an eminent
threat to their security. The German energy special route has also been
met with great skepticism from the EU Commission and the European
Parliament, which has spoken out explicitly against the construction of
Nord Stream 2.
"Incidentally, the U.S. sanctions are by no means a further outflow
of anti-European affectations from Donald Trump. Rather, they were
imposed by the U.S. Congress — with an overwhelming majority that
includes both Democratic and Republican members. Such punitive measures
had already been considered at the time of Obama's presidency.
"Today, many Europeans believe Washington's intervention is the last
hope of stopping the pipeline project that would dramatically increase
Europe's dependence on Putin's Russia."
On May 26, Grenell announced that the United States was preparing
additional sanctions to prevent completion of the pipeline. "Germany
must stop feeding the beast while at the same time it does not pay
enough for NATO," he said. The German financial newspaper
Handelsblatt described the new sanctions as Grenell's "farewell greeting" (
Abschiedsgruß).
Nazi War Criminals
In August 2018, Jakiw Palij, a 95-year-old Nazi collaborator who had lived in New York City for decades, was
deported
to Germany. Despite a court ordering his deportation in 2004, past
American administrations were unsuccessful in removing him. Under orders
from President Trump, Grenell secured Palij's deportation to Germany.
Palij died six months later.
On January 10, 2019, Grenell
tweeted:
"Former Nazi prison guard Jakiw Palij has died in
Germany. I am so thankful to @realDonaldTrump for making the case a
priority. Removing the former Nazi prison guard from the US was
something multiple Presidents just talked about - but President Trump
made it happen."
In an interview,
Welt am Sonntag asked
Grenell: "You have introduced a very direct way of communicating with
your German audience. Are you surprised by the critical reception?"
Grenell
replied:
"I'm not surprised at all. I think that the American
style has always been different from the European one. And it's OK to
have different styles. I've always thought that I would be judged by the
political class on the progress I make. For too long, we have ignored
some problems.
"One example of this is over the Nazi prison guard Jakiw Palij, who
had been living in the US and who we wanted to be returned to Germany
for a very long time. I was told that the Germans simply didn't want to
make this happen, which I didn't find to be true — after pushing harder
on this topic and after raising it at every meeting across all levels of
government. So, is my style more pushy? I believe it is. But it also
helps to reform our relationship and make it deeper and stronger."
In March 2020, a US immigration judge
ordered
Tennessee resident Friedrich Karl Berger, who served as an armed guard
at a Nazi concentration camp during World War II, to be deported to
Germany. With Grenell no longer ambassador, it remains unclear if
Germany will take Berger back.
North Korea
Grenell was instrumental in closing a hostel in Berlin that is owned
by the government of North Korea. The Cityhostel Berlin funneled
approximately €450,000 ($500,000) a year into the coffers of the regime
of Kim Jong Un in violation of UN Security Council sanctions.
On January 28, 2020, a Berlin Administrative Court
ordered the hostel to be shut down. Grenell
tweeted:
"US Embassy Berlin has been hard at work getting this
hotel shut down. It seems like a no-brainer to us. North Korea is under
UN sanctions and the Germans are the Chair of the UN enforcement
committee."
Farewell to Germany
On February 20, 2020, President Trump
installed
Grenell as the acting director of national intelligence. Grenell was to
fulfill his new duties while continuing in his role as ambassador.
Almost immediately, German leaders complained that the lack of a
full-time ambassador signalled that the United States was downgrading
its relationship with Germany.
Bundestag member Alexander Graf Lambsdorff
said
that the additional post was an "upgrade" for Grenell, but a
"downgrade" for Germany: "Even with the greatest effort, it is not
possible to coordinate 17 intelligence agencies while maintaining
German-American relations."
Johann Wadephul, Bundestag member for the Christian Democrats,
added: "Especially in these times, the transatlantic relationship needs a full-time ambassador."
A foreign policy spokesman for the Social Democrats, Nils Schmid,
said
that the fact that Grenell would continue the post of ambassador from
Washington was "an expression of a disdain for Germany." He
added:
"U.S. President Donald Trump should appoint a successor who does not
make one-sided propaganda, but also campaigns for German positions in
Washington."
On May 24, the German newspaper
Die Welt, citing the German Press Agency,
reported that Grenell would be stepping down. The announcement generated a range of responses, including:
- A fellow at the German Marshall Fund, Noah Barkin, tweeted that Germany would breathe a "sigh of relief" at Grenell's departure. Grenell replied: "You make a big mistake if you think the American pressure is off. You don't know Americans."
- German Bundestag member Andreas Nick, tweeted:
"For a generation, each and every US Ambassador I got to know
personally - career diplomat or political appointee alike - used to
leave his post as a highly respected figure and trusted friend of
Germany. Now someone leaves issuing threats as if he were representing a
hostile power."
Grenell responded:
"You always wanted me to stop asking you publicly to pay your NATO
obligations and calling for an end to Nord Stream 2. But these are US
policies. And I work for the American people."
- Bundestag member Alexander Graf Lambsdorff admitted
that Grenell will be missed because of his authenticity and closeness
to President Trump: "In Ambassador Grenell, you knew what the American
government thinks and how it acts."
- Julian Röpke, political editor of Bild, Germany's largest newspaper, tweeted:
"With @RichardGrenell, Germany is losing one of the best US Ambassadors
to our country ever. Whether it was pressure to stop NordStream2,
rethink German-Iranian regime (love) affairs or increase our defense
expenditure - he was always on point and acting in the best interest of
the United States and Germany. THANKS SO MUCH!"