by Lt. Col. (res.) Dr. Raphael Ofek
If Lockheed Martin’s hopes are realized, the fear of global energy scarcity will become a thing of the past, and mankind will have the benefit of an environment unsullied by energy pollution.
A sketch of the plasma geometry and
magnetic coils inside an early model of Lockheed Martins' compact fusion
reactor. This design has since been superseded with a model using only
two main cusps. Image from McGuire, Thomas, The Lockheed Martin Compact
Fusion Reactor, via Wikimedia CC
BESA Center Perspectives Paper No. 909, July 29, 2018
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Lockheed
Martin recently registered a patent on a revolutionary design of a
Compact Fusion Reactor (CFR), a mobile device small enough to be mounted
on a truck. One version is designed to produce 100 megawatts, enough to
power a city of 100,000 people. The CFR, which provides clean energy
without producing radioactive waste, has both civil and military
applications. In principle, it can be installed on large aircraft
carriers, submarines, large transport planes, and probably also fighter
jets and large drones. If Lockheed Martin’s hopes are realized, the fear
of global energy scarcity will become a thing of the past, and mankind
will have the benefit of an environment unsullied by energy pollution.
On February 15, Lockheed Martin, the American
advanced technologies consortium, obtained a patent on a revolutionary
design for a Compact Fusion Reactor (CFR), a mobile device that can be
mounted on trucks as well as aircrafts and ships.
Development of the CFR started in 2010 in
Palmdale, California. Apparently the project is advancing faster than
expected, since at that time, Dr. Thomas McGuire, the project’s head, declared that the goal was to have a working device in five years and a commercial production reactor design within ten.
Two CFR prototypes were introduced by Lockheed
Martin on December 25, 2017. The first is the T4B, which is two meters
long, one meter in diameter, and about 20 tons in weight. The T4B can
produce one megawatt of energy. The second prototype, the TX, is 18
meters long, seven meters in diameter, and about 2,000 tons in weight.
The TX can produce 200 megawatts of energy. However, Lockheed Martin
believes the TX’s weight can be reduced to 200 tons.
Fusion is a thermonuclear process in which the
nuclei of hydrogen atoms join together and release a vast quantity of
energy. The sun is essentially a very powerful thermonuclear reactor in
which fusion reactions occur due to extremely high temperature and
pressure conditions induced on the hydrogen nuclei – conditions that
overcome electrostatic repulsion between the protons inside those
nuclei.
On earth, artificial fusion is possible only
between deuterium and tritium, the heavier isotopes of hydrogen (D-T
fusion). Deuterium, whose nucleus contains one proton and one neutron,
is quite abundant on earth – it is found in one out of every 6,700
hydrogen atoms in water, and is radioactively stable. However, tritium,
whose nucleus contains one proton and two neutrons, is radioactive, with
a half-life of 12.3 years. There is no natural tritium to be found on
earth, but it can be produced by irradiating lithium with neutrons
(tritium breeding).
Mankind succeeded in harnessing nuclear fusion for
destructive purposes when it developed a thermonuclear weapon, also
called a hydrogen bomb. Hydrogen bombs can be hundreds or even thousands
of times more powerful than nuclear fission bombs like those dropped on
Japan in WWII, since the energy released by fusion is infinitely more
vast than in fission of heavy nuclei like uranium and plutonium.
In addition to the scale of power released by
fusion, this process has advantages over fission as a source of energy
production. First, it is easy to distill deuterium from the
inexhaustible amount of seawater – unlike the uranium needed for
fission, which is less abundant and the extraction of which is complex.
Also, lithium metal is relatively abundant in earth and in seawater.
Lastly, helium, which is produced during fusion, is not radioactive, in
contrast to the radioactive waste produced during nuclear fission.
Nuclear waste has a long lifespan and requires special operations for
its management, disposal, and burial.
There was a swift transition from the use of
nuclear fission to produce devastating weapons during WWII to its use
for civilian applications. In the first half of the 1950s, nuclear
fission was being used in electrical reactors. However, the shift from
military to civilian use was much slower for fusion. Though the first
test of an explosive thermonuclear device by the US was conducted on
November 1, 1952, the effort to harness fusion for development of an
electricity-producing thermonuclear reactor has not borne fruit – until
now.
This was not for lack of trying. For years,
billions were invested around the world in studies attempting to enable
the controlled release of thermonuclear energy. The motivation to
implement nuclear fusion in electricity production stemmed not only from
the tremendous amount of energy that can be produced in the fusion
process, but also from the fact that that energy would be clean, without
any of the by-products of long-lived radioactive waste.
This field started in the 1950s with Soviet
physicists Igor Tamm and Andrei Sakharov, who invented a toroidal-shaped
thermonuclear device called the Tokamak. The device is a
three-dimensional concentric ring containing very hot plasma of
deuterium and tritium nuclei confined by powerful magnetic fields. The
first Tokamak became operational in 1958, but it has not yet matured to
technological and commercial feasibility.
The prototypes of commercial Tokamak reactors
developed in the Western world, particularly in the US, either produced
less energy than they needed to heat the plasma to the desired
temperature, or suffered from instability problems. They have all failed
to live up to expectations despite huge investments. The JET (Joint
European Torus), built in Britain, cost half a billion dollars through
the end of 2014. The TFTR (Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor), built in the
US, cost an unknown number of billions of dollars. The ITER
(International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor), built in France, is
expected to go into operation in 2025. The cost of the ITER is estimated
at $22-50 billion. Through June 2015, $14 billion had been invested in
it.
In addition to the Tokamak, there were designs
based on other processes to harness fusion for producing electricity,
but they too were unsuccessful. In the 1980s, an Israeli company
investigated the possibility of establishing a fusion reactor in the
Negev to generate electricity, but the project was not feasible.
(Readers interested in fusion reactors are welcome to read the author’s
doctoral dissertation, “Interactions of D-T neutrons in graphite and
lithium blankets of fusion reactors: measurements and calculations”,
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, May 1986.)
Following registration of the CFR patent by
Lockheed Martin, Dr. McGuire was interviewed on “The War Zone” website.
He explained that the toroidal geometry implemented in a Tokamak device
limits the intensity of the magnetic pressure that can be applied to D-T
plasma. The analogy would be bicycle tires that burst when
overinflated. Lockheed Martin’s breakthrough stems from its device’s
much more complicated geometry. It consists of a plasma cell and
superconducting magnetic fields applied to the plasma, which enables a
very high process efficiency. As McGuire put it, “Instead of a bike tire
expanding into the air, we have something more like a tube that expands
into an ever-stronger wall.” He added that the system is regulated by a
self-tuning feedback mechanism whereby the farther out the plasma goes,
the stronger the magnetic field pushes back to contain it.
As of yet, there is no published information on
the economic aspects of the CFR: the amount Lockheed Martin invested in
the project, the assessed price of the different CFR models, or their
operating costs. However, based on the information the company has
released, it seems the amounts are quite low.
Furthermore, according to the released
information, Lockheed Martin’s reactor concept is supposed to be
multipurpose, with many civil applications:
- a 100 MW CFR, which can be installed onto a truck, can provide electricity to a town with a population of 80,000-100,000. Lockheed Martin estimates that it would require approximately 12 kg of D-T fuel to refuel the reactor for a year;
- the CFR could provide energy in unlimited quantities and at low cost to remote areas of developing countries;
- the CFR could be used in seawater desalination and water purification at reduced rates. The company estimates that desalination costs would be reduced by 60%;
- the CFR could be installed on ships, which would allow them to sail across the seas to unrestricted ranges;
- the CFR could be installed on civilian or military transport aircrafts such as the C-5 Galaxy of the US Air Force, which would allow unlimited range and incomparable durability using hydrogen fuel in the amount of only a few bottles a year; and
- it can accelerate the development of space flights to great distances.
Moreover, according to the published information, the CFR may have significant military applications:
- the CFR’s installation on submarines can enable them to cruise far below sea level. The CFR’s dimensions and weight will be significantly lower than those of the enriched uranium-fueled reactors installed on today’s nuclear submarines. It would thus reduce the risk of exposure to nuclear radiation on those submarines;
- it will be possible to power a Nimitz-class aircraft carrier with a 100 MW CFR to lengthen its stay at sea;
- as mentioned, equipping military transport aircraft with CFR would allow them to stay in the air much longer and fly much farther. It would thus enable the quick moving of military forces to areas of tension throughout the world;
- Lockheed Martin is considering, among other things, installing CFRs on fighter jets. This would mean that shoot-downs or accidents would not result in any exposure to nuclear radiation; and
- it will be possible to put a CFR on a drone to enable it to stay aloft and patrol indefinitely.
If Lockheed Martin’s hopes about its CFR are
realized, the fear of catastrophic global energy depletion will become a
thing of the past, and mankind will enjoy an environment without energy
pollution.
BESA Center Perspectives Papers are published through the generosity of the Greg Rosshandler Family
Source: https://besacenter.org/perspectives-papers/lockheed-martins-compact-fusion-reactor/
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